SUDO(8)                            BSD System Manager's Manual                            SUDO(8)

NAME
     sudo, sudoedit — execute a command as another user

SYNOPSIS
     sudo -h | -K | -k | -V
     sudo -v [-AknS] [-a type] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user]
     sudo -l [-AknS] [-a type] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-U user] [-u user] [command]
     sudo [-AbEHnPS] [-a type] [-C num] [-c class] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-r role]
          [-t type] [-u user] [VAR=value] [-i | -s] [command]
     sudoedit [-AknS] [-a type] [-C num] [-c class] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user]
          file ...

DESCRIPTION
     sudo allows a permitted user to execute a command as the superuser or another user, as spec‐
     ified by the security policy.  The invoking user's real (not effective) user ID is used to
     determine the user name with which to query the security policy.

     sudo supports a plugin architecture for security policies and input/output logging.  Third
     parties can develop and distribute their own policy and I/O logging plugins to work seam‐
     lessly with the sudo front end.  The default security policy is sudoers, which is configured
     via the file /etc/sudoers, or via LDAP.  See the Plugins section for more information.

     The security policy determines what privileges, if any, a user has to run sudo.  The policy
     may require that users authenticate themselves with a password or another authentication
     mechanism.  If authentication is required, sudo will exit if the user's password is not
     entered within a configurable time limit.  This limit is policy-specific; the default pass‐
     word prompt timeout for the sudoers security policy is unlimited.

     Security policies may support credential caching to allow the user to run sudo again for a
     period of time without requiring authentication.  The sudoers policy caches credentials for
     15 minutes, unless overridden in sudoers(5).  By running sudo with the -v option, a user can
     update the cached credentials without running a command.

     When invoked as sudoedit, the -e option (described below), is implied.

     Security policies may log successful and failed attempts to use sudo.  If an I/O plugin is
     configured, the running command's input and output may be logged as well.

     The options are as follows:

     -A, --askpass
                 Normally, if sudo requires a password, it will read it from the user's terminal.
                 If the -A (askpass) option is specified, a (possibly graphical) helper program
                 is executed to read the user's password and output the password to the standard
                 output.  If the SUDO_ASKPASS environment variable is set, it specifies the path
                 to the helper program.  Otherwise, if sudo.conf(5) contains a line specifying
                 the askpass program, that value will be used.  For example:

                     # Path to askpass helper program
                     Path askpass /usr/X11R6/bin/ssh-askpass

                 If no askpass program is available, sudo will exit with an error.

     -b, --background
                 Run the given command in the background.  Note that it is not possible to use
                 shell job control to manipulate background processes started by sudo.  Most
                 interactive commands will fail to work properly in background mode.

     -C num, --close-from=num
                 Close all file descriptors greater than or equal to num before executing a com‐
                 mand.  Values less than three are not permitted.  By default, sudo will close
                 all open file descriptors other than standard input, standard output and stan‐
                 dard error when executing a command.  The security policy may restrict the
                 user's ability to use this option.  The sudoers policy only permits use of the
                 -C option when the administrator has enabled the closefrom_override option.

     -E, --preserve-env
                 Indicates to the security policy that the user wishes to preserve their existing
                 environment variables.  The security policy may return an error if the user does
                 not have permission to preserve the environment.

     -e, --edit  Edit one or more files instead of running a command.  In lieu of a path name,
                 the string "sudoedit" is used when consulting the security policy.  If the user
                 is authorized by the policy, the following steps are taken:

                 1.   Temporary copies are made of the files to be edited with the owner set to
                      the invoking user.

                 2.   The editor specified by the policy is run to edit the temporary files.  The
                      sudoers policy uses the SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL and EDITOR environment vari‐
                      ables (in that order).  If none of SUDO_EDITOR, VISUAL or EDITOR are set,
                      the first program listed in the editor sudoers(5) option is used.

                 3.   If they have been modified, the temporary files are copied back to their
                      original location and the temporary versions are removed.

                 To help prevent the editing of unauthorized files, the following restrictions
                 are enforced unless explicitly allowed by the security policy:

                 ·   Symbolic links may not be edited (version 1.8.15 and higher).

                 ·   Symbolic links along the path to be edited are not followed when the parent
                     directory is writable by the invoking user unless that user is root (version
                     1.8.16 and higher).

                 ·   Files located in a directory that is writable by the invoking user may not
                     be edited unless that user is root (version 1.8.16 and higher).

                 Users are never allowed to edit device special files.

                 If the specified file does not exist, it will be created.  Note that unlike most
                 commands run by sudo, the editor is run with the invoking user's environment
                 unmodified.  If, for some reason, sudo is unable to update a file with its
                 edited version, the user will receive a warning and the edited copy will remain
                 in a temporary file.

     -g group, --group=group
                 Run the command with the primary group set to group instead of the primary group
                 specified by the target user's password database entry.  The group may be either
                 a group name or a numeric group ID (GID) prefixed with the ‘#’ character (e.g.
                 #0 for GID 0).  When running a command as a GID, many shells require that the
                 ‘#’ be escaped with a backslash (‘\’).  If no -u option is specified, the com‐
                 mand will be run as the invoking user.  In either case, the primary group will
                 be set to group.

     -H, --set-home
                 Request that the security policy set the HOME environment variable to the home
                 directory specified by the target user's password database entry.  Depending on
                 the policy, this may be the default behavior.

     -h, --help  Display a short help message to the standard output and exit.

     -h host, --host=host
                 Run the command on the specified host if the security policy plugin supports
                 remote commands.  Note that the sudoers plugin does not currently support run‐
                 ning remote commands.  This may also be used in conjunction with the -l option
                 to list a user's privileges for the remote host.

     -i, --login
                 Run the shell specified by the target user's password database entry as a login
                 shell.  This means that login-specific resource files such as .profile or .login
                 will be read by the shell.  If a command is specified, it is passed to the shell
                 for execution via the shell's -c option.  If no command is specified, an inter‐
                 active shell is executed.  sudo attempts to change to that user's home directory
                 before running the shell.  The command is run with an environment similar to the
                 one a user would receive at log in.  The Command environment section in the
                 sudoers(5) manual documents how the -i option affects the environment in which a
                 command is run when the sudoers policy is in use.

     -K, --remove-timestamp
                 Similar to the -k option, except that it removes the user's cached credentials
                 entirely and may not be used in conjunction with a command or other option.
                 This option does not require a password.  Not all security policies support cre‐
                 dential caching.

     -k, --reset-timestamp
                 When used without a command, invalidates the user's cached credentials.  In
                 other words, the next time sudo is run a password will be required.  This option
                 does not require a password and was added to allow a user to revoke sudo permis‐
                 sions from a .logout file.

                 When used in conjunction with a command or an option that may require a pass‐
                 word, this option will cause sudo to ignore the user's cached credentials.  As a
                 result, sudo will prompt for a password (if one is required by the security pol‐
                 icy) and will not update the user's cached credentials.

                 Not all security policies support credential caching.

     -l, --list  If no command is specified, list the allowed (and forbidden) commands for the
                 invoking user (or the user specified by the -U option) on the current host.  A
                 longer list format is used if this option is specified multiple times and the
                 security policy supports a verbose output format.

                 If a command is specified and is permitted by the security policy, the fully-
                 qualified path to the command is displayed along with any command line argu‐
                 ments.  If command is specified but not allowed, sudo will exit with a status
                 value of 1.

     -n, --non-interactive
                 Avoid prompting the user for input of any kind.  If a password is required for
                 the command to run, sudo will display an error message and exit.

     -P, --preserve-groups
                 Preserve the invoking user's group vector unaltered.  By default, the sudoers
                 policy will initialize the group vector to the list of groups the target user is
                 a member of.  The real and effective group IDs, however, are still set to match
                 the target user.

     -p prompt, --prompt=prompt
                 Use a custom password prompt with optional escape sequences.  The following per‐
                 cent (‘%’) escape sequences are supported by the sudoers policy:

                 %H  expanded to the host name including the domain name (on if the machine's
                     host name is fully qualified or the fqdn option is set in sudoers(5))

                 %h  expanded to the local host name without the domain name

                 %p  expanded to the name of the user whose password is being requested (respects
                     the rootpw, targetpw, and runaspw flags in sudoers(5))

                 %U  expanded to the login name of the user the command will be run as (defaults
                     to root unless the -u option is also specified)

                 %u  expanded to the invoking user's login name

                 %%  two consecutive ‘%’ characters are collapsed into a single ‘%’ character

                 The custom prompt will override the system password prompt on systems that sup‐
                 port PAM unless the passprompt_override flag is disabled in sudoers.

     -r role, --role=role
                 Run the command with an SELinux security context that includes the specified
                 role.

     -S, --stdin
                 Write the prompt to the standard error and read the password from the standard
                 input instead of using the terminal device.  The password must be followed by a
                 newline character.

     -s, --shell
                 Run the shell specified by the SHELL environment variable if it is set or the
                 shell specified by the invoking user's password database entry.  If a command is
                 specified, it is passed to the shell for execution via the shell's -c option.
                 If no command is specified, an interactive shell is executed.

     -t type, --type=type
                 Run the command with an SELinux security context that includes the specified
                 type.  If no type is specified, the default type is derived from the role.

     -U user, --other-user=user
                 Used in conjunction with the -l option to list the privileges for user instead
                 of for the invoking user.  The security policy may restrict listing other users'
                 privileges.  The sudoers policy only allows root or a user with the ALL privi‐
                 lege on the current host to use this option.

     -u user, --user=user
                 Run the command as a user other than the default target user (usually root).
                 The user may be either a user name or a numeric user ID (UID) prefixed with the
                 ‘#’ character (e.g.  #0 for UID 0).  When running commands as a UID, many shells
                 require that the ‘#’ be escaped with a backslash (‘\’).  Some security policies
                 may restrict UIDs to those listed in the password database.  The sudoers policy
                 allows UIDs that are not in the password database as long as the targetpw option
                 is not set.  Other security policies may not support this.

     -V, --version
                 Print the sudo version string as well as the version string of the security pol‐
                 icy plugin and any I/O plugins.  If the invoking user is already root the -V
                 option will display the arguments passed to configure when sudo was built and
                 plugins may display more verbose information such as default options.

     -v, --validate
                 Update the user's cached credentials, authenticating the user if necessary.  For
                 the sudoers plugin, this extends the sudo timeout for another 15 minutes by
                 default, but does not run a command.  Not all security policies support cached
                 credentials.

     --          The -- option indicates that sudo should stop processing command line arguments.

     Environment variables to be set for the command may also be passed on the command line in
     the form of VAR=value, e.g. LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/pkg/lib.  Variables passed on the
     command line are subject to restrictions imposed by the security policy plugin.  The sudoers
     policy subjects variables passed on the command line to the same restrictions as normal
     environment variables with one important exception.  If the setenv option is set in sudoers,
     the command to be run has the SETENV tag set or the command matched is ALL, the user may set
     variables that would otherwise be forbidden.  See sudoers(5) for more information.

COMMAND EXECUTION
     When sudo executes a command, the security policy specifies the execution environment for
     the command.  Typically, the real and effective user and group and IDs are set to match
     those of the target user, as specified in the password database, and the group vector is
     initialized based on the group database (unless the -P option was specified).

     The following parameters may be specified by security policy:

     ·   real and effective user ID

     ·   real and effective group ID

     ·   supplementary group IDs

     ·   the environment list

     ·   current working directory

     ·   file creation mode mask (umask)

     ·   SELinux role and type

     ·   scheduling priority (aka nice value)

   Process model
     When sudo runs a command, it calls fork(2), sets up the execution environment as described
     above, and calls the execve system call in the child process.  The main sudo process waits
     until the command has completed, then passes the command's exit status to the security pol‐
     icy's close function and exits.  If an I/O logging plugin is configured or if the security
     policy explicitly requests it, a new  pseudo-terminal (“pty”) is created and a second sudo
     process is used to relay job control signals between the user's existing pty and the new pty
     the command is being run in.  This extra process makes it possible to, for example, suspend
     and resume the command.  Without it, the command would be in what POSIX terms an “orphaned
     process group” and it would not receive any job control signals.  As a special case, if the
     policy plugin does not define a close function and no pty is required, sudo will execute the
     command directly instead of calling fork(2) first.  The sudoers policy plugin will only
     define a close function when I/O logging is enabled, a pty is required, or the pam_session
     or pam_setcred options are enabled.  Note that pam_session and pam_setcred are enabled by
     default on systems using PAM.

   Signal handling
     When the command is run as a child of the sudo process, sudo will relay signals it receives
     to the command.  The SIGINT and SIGQUIT signals are only relayed when the command is being
     run in a new pty or when the signal was sent by a user process, not the kernel.  This pre‐
     vents the command from receiving SIGINT twice each time the user enters control-C.  Some
     signals, such as SIGSTOP and SIGKILL, cannot be caught and thus will not be relayed to the
     command.  As a general rule, SIGTSTP should be used instead of SIGSTOP when you wish to sus‐
     pend a command being run by sudo.

     As a special case, sudo will not relay signals that were sent by the command it is running.
     This prevents the command from accidentally killing itself.  On some systems, the reboot(8)
     command sends SIGTERM to all non-system processes other than itself before rebooting the
     system.  This prevents sudo from relaying the SIGTERM signal it received back to reboot(8),
     which might then exit before the system was actually rebooted, leaving it in a half-dead
     state similar to single user mode.  Note, however, that this check only applies to the com‐
     mand run by sudo and not any other processes that the command may create.  As a result, run‐
     ning a script that calls reboot(8) or shutdown(8) via sudo may cause the system to end up in
     this undefined state unless the reboot(8) or shutdown(8) are run using the exec() family of
     functions instead of system() (which interposes a shell between the command and the calling
     process).

     If no I/O logging plugins are loaded and the policy plugin has not defined a close() func‐
     tion, set a command timeout or required that the command be run in a new pty, sudo may exe‐
     cute the command directly instead of running it as a child process.

   Plugins
     Plugins may be specified via Plugin directives in the sudo.conf(5) file.  They may be loaded
     as dynamic shared objects (on systems that support them), or compiled directly into the sudo
     binary.  If no sudo.conf(5) file is present, or it contains no Plugin lines, sudo will use
     the traditional sudoers security policy and I/O logging.  See the sudo.conf(5) manual for
     details of the /etc/sudo.conf file and the sudo_plugin(8) manual for more information about
     the sudo plugin architecture.

EXIT VALUE
     Upon successful execution of a command, the exit status from sudo will be the exit status of
     the program that was executed.  If the command terminated due to receipt of a signal, sudo
     will send itself the signal that terminated the command.

     Otherwise, sudo exits with a value of 1 if there is a configuration/permission problem or if
     sudo cannot execute the given command.  In the latter case, the error string is printed to
     the standard error.  If sudo cannot stat(2) one or more entries in the user's PATH, an error
     is printed to the standard error.  (If the directory does not exist or if it is not really a
     directory, the entry is ignored and no error is printed.)  This should not happen under nor‐
     mal circumstances.  The most common reason for stat(2) to return “permission denied” is if
     you are running an automounter and one of the directories in your PATH is on a machine that
     is currently unreachable.

SECURITY NOTES
     sudo tries to be safe when executing external commands.

     To prevent command spoofing, sudo checks "." and "" (both denoting current directory) last
     when searching for a command in the user's PATH (if one or both are in the PATH).  Note,
     however, that the actual PATH environment variable is not modified and is passed unchanged
     to the program that sudo executes.

     Users should never be granted sudo privileges to execute files that are writable by the user
     or that reside in a directory that is writable by the user.  If the user can modify or
     replace the command there is no way to limit what additional commands they can run.

     Please note that sudo will normally only log the command it explicitly runs.  If a user runs
     a command such as sudo su or sudo sh, subsequent commands run from that shell are not sub‐
     ject to sudo's security policy.  The same is true for commands that offer shell escapes
     (including most editors).  If I/O logging is enabled, subsequent commands will have their
     input and/or output logged, but there will not be traditional logs for those commands.
     Because of this, care must be taken when giving users access to commands via sudo to verify
     that the command does not inadvertently give the user an effective root shell.  For more
     information, please see the Preventing shell escapes section in sudoers(5).

     To prevent the disclosure of potentially sensitive information, sudo disables core dumps by
     default while it is executing (they are re-enabled for the command that is run).  This his‐
     torical practice dates from a time when most operating systems allowed setuid processes to
     dump core by default.  To aid in debugging sudo crashes, you may wish to re-enable core
     dumps by setting “disable_coredump” to false in the sudo.conf(5) file as follows:

           Set disable_coredump false

     See the sudo.conf(5) manual for more information.

ENVIRONMENT
     sudo utilizes the following environment variables.  The security policy has control over the
     actual content of the command's environment.

     EDITOR           Default editor to use in -e (sudoedit) mode if neither SUDO_EDITOR nor
                      VISUAL is set.

     MAIL             Set to the mail spool of the target user when the -i option is specified or
                      when env_reset is enabled in sudoers (unless MAIL is present in the
                      env_keep list).

     HOME             Set to the home directory of the target user when the -i or -H options are
                      specified, when the -s option is specified and set_home is set in sudoers,
                      when always_set_home is enabled in sudoers, or when env_reset is enabled in
                      sudoers and HOME is not present in the env_keep list.

     LOGNAME          Set to the login name of the target user when the -i option is specified,
                      when the set_logname option is enabled in sudoers or when the env_reset
                      option is enabled in sudoers (unless LOGNAME is present in the env_keep
                      list).

     PATH             May be overridden by the security policy.

     SHELL            Used to determine shell to run with -s option.

     SUDO_ASKPASS     Specifies the path to a helper program used to read the password if no ter‐
                      minal is available or if the -A option is specified.

     SUDO_COMMAND     Set to the command run by sudo.

     SUDO_EDITOR      Default editor to use in -e (sudoedit) mode.

     SUDO_GID         Set to the group ID of the user who invoked sudo.

     SUDO_PROMPT      Used as the default password prompt.

     SUDO_PS1         If set, PS1 will be set to its value for the program being run.

     SUDO_UID         Set to the user ID of the user who invoked sudo.

     SUDO_USER        Set to the login name of the user who invoked sudo.

     USER             Set to the same value as LOGNAME, described above.

     USERNAME         Same as USER.

     VISUAL           Default editor to use in -e (sudoedit) mode if SUDO_EDITOR is not set.

FILES
     /etc/sudo.conf            sudo front end configuration

EXAMPLES
     Note: the following examples assume a properly configured security policy.

     To get a file listing of an unreadable directory:

           $ sudo ls /usr/local/protected

     To list the home directory of user yaz on a machine where the file system holding ~yaz is
     not exported as root:

           $ sudo -u yaz ls ~yaz

     To edit the index.html file as user www:

           $ sudoedit -u www ~www/htdocs/index.html

     To view system logs only accessible to root and users in the adm group:

           $ sudo -g adm more /var/log/syslog

     To run an editor as jim with a different primary group:

           $ sudoedit -u jim -g audio ~jim/sound.txt

     To shut down a machine:

           $ sudo shutdown -r +15 "quick reboot"

     To make a usage listing of the directories in the /home partition.  Note that this runs the
     commands in a sub-shell to make the cd and file redirection work.

           $ sudo sh -c "cd /home ; du -s * | sort -rn > USAGE"

SEE ALSO
     su(1), stat(2), passwd(5), sudo.conf(5), sudoers(5), sudo_plugin(8), sudoreplay(8),
     visudo(8)

HISTORY
     See the HISTORY file in the sudo distribution (https://www.sudo.ws/history.html) for a brief
     history of sudo.

AUTHORS
     Many people have worked on sudo over the years; this version consists of code written pri‐
     marily by:

           Todd C. Miller

     See the CONTRIBUTORS file in the sudo distribution (https://www.sudo.ws/contributors.html)
     for an exhaustive list of people who have contributed to sudo.

CAVEATS
     There is no easy way to prevent a user from gaining a root shell if that user is allowed to
     run arbitrary commands via sudo.  Also, many programs (such as editors) allow the user to
     run commands via shell escapes, thus avoiding sudo's checks.  However, on most systems it is
     possible to prevent shell escapes with the sudoers(5) plugin's noexec functionality.

     It is not meaningful to run the cd command directly via sudo, e.g.,

           $ sudo cd /usr/local/protected

     since when the command exits the parent process (your shell) will still be the same.  Please
     see the EXAMPLES section for more information.

     Running shell scripts via sudo can expose the same kernel bugs that make setuid shell
     scripts unsafe on some operating systems (if your OS has a /dev/fd/ directory, setuid shell
     scripts are generally safe).

BUGS
     If you feel you have found a bug in sudo, please submit a bug report at
     https://bugzilla.sudo.ws/

SUPPORT
     Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list, see
     https://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to subscribe or search the archives.

DISCLAIMER
     sudo is provided “AS IS” and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited
     to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are dis‐
     claimed.  See the LICENSE file distributed with sudo or https://www.sudo.ws/license.html for
     complete details.

Sudo 1.8.19p1                            January 19, 2016                           Sudo 1.8.19p1

sudo - parancs végrehajtása más felhasználóként

usage: sudo -h | -K | -k | -V
usage: sudo -v [-AknS] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user]
usage: sudo -l [-AknS] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-U user] [-u user] [command]
usage: sudo [-AbEHknPS] [-r role] [-t type] [-C num] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user]
            [VAR=value] [-i|-s] [<command>]
usage: sudo -e [-AknS] [-r role] [-t type] [-C num] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user] file
            ...

Kapcsolók:
  -A, --askpass               segédprogram használata a jelszóbekérésre
  -b, --background            parancs futtatása háttérben
  -C, --close-from=num        minden fájlleíró lezárása, ami >= num
  -E, --preserve-env          felhasználói környezet megőrzése parancsfuttatáskor
  -e, --edit                  fájlok szerkesztése parancs futtatása helyett
  -g, --group=group           parancs futtatása megadott csoportnévként vagy -azonosítóként
  -H, --set-home              a HOME változó beállítása a cél felhasználó saját
                              könyvtárára
  -h, --help                  súgóüzenet megjelenítése és kilépés
  -h, --host=host             parancs futtatása a hoszton (ha bővítmény támogatja)
  -i, --login                 bejelentkezési parancsértelmező futtatása a cél
                              felhasználóként; egy parancs is megadható
  -K, --remove-timestamp      időbélyeg fájl teljes eltávolítása
  -k, --reset-timestamp       időbélyeg fájl érvénytelenítése
  -l, --list                  felhasználó privilégiumainak kiírása, vagy adott parancs
                              ellenőrzése, kétszer megadva hosszabb formátumban
  -n, --non-interactive       nem interaktív mód, kérdések nélkül
  -P, --preserve-groups       csoportvektor megőrzése a céléra beállítás helyett
  -p, --prompt=prompt         a megadott jelszóprompt használata
  -r, --role=role             SELinux biztonsági kontextus létrehozása a megadott szereppel
  -S, --stdin                 jelszó olvasása a szabványos bemenetről
  -s, --shell                 parancsértelmező futtatása a cél felhasználóként; egy parancs
                              is megadható
  -t, --type=type             SELinux biztonsági kontextus létrehozása a megadott típussal
  -U, --other-user=user       lista módban írja ki a felhasználó privilégumait
  -u, --user=user             parancs futtatása (vagy fájl szerkesztése) a megadott nevű vagy
                              azonosítójú felhasználóként
  -V, --version               verzióinformáció kiírása és kilépés
  -v, --validate              felhasználó időbélyegének frissítése parancs futtatása
                              nélkül
  --                          parancssori argumentumok feldolgozásának befejezése