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Licenc:
Verziószám: 15.1 Distrib 10.3.23-MariaDB, for debian-linux-gnu (x86_64) using readline 5.2 (Debian 10-ben)
Fejlesztő/tulajdonos: 2007-2008 MySQL AB, 2008-2010 Sun Microsystems, Inc., 2010-2015 MariaDB Foundation
Rövid leírás:
A mysql_embedded linux parancs manual oldala és súgója. A mysql egy egyszerű SQL shell (GNU readline képességekkel), amely támogatja az interaktív és nem interaktív felhasználási módokat. Interaktív használat esetén a lekérdezés eredménye ASCII-tábla formátumban jelennek meg. Ha nem interaktív módon használják (például szűrőként), akkor az eredményt tabulátorral elválasztott formátumban jelenítik meg. A kimeneti formátum a parancs opcióinak segítségével módosítható.
Ha problémák adódnak a nagy eredményhalmazok miatti elégtelen memória miatt, a --quick opció használata a megoldás erre. Ez arra utasítja a MySQL-t, hogy egyszerre csak egy sort fogadjon a kiszolgálótól egy időben, ahelyett, hogy a teljes eredményhalmazt kellene pufferelnie a memóriában, mielőtt megjelenítené azokat a kimeneten. Ezt úgy oldja meg, hogy az eredményeket a mysql_use_result() C API függvény segítségével olvassa ki, nem pedig a mysql_store_result () függvénnyel.
Man oldal kimenet
man mysql
man mysql_embedded
MYSQL(1) MariaDB Database System MYSQL(1)
NAME
mysql - the MariaDB command-line tool
SYNOPSIS
mysql [options] db_name
DESCRIPTION
mysql is a simple SQL shell (with GNU readline capabilities). It supports interactive
and non-interactive use. When used interactively, query results are presented in an
ASCII-table format. When used non-interactively (for example, as a filter), the
result is presented in tab-separated format. The output format can be changed using
command options.
If you have problems due to insufficient memory for large result sets, use the
--quick option. This forces mysql to retrieve results from the server a row at a time
rather than retrieving the entire result set and buffering it in memory before
displaying it. This is done by returning the result set using the mysql_use_result()
C API function in the client/server library rather than mysql_store_result().
Using mysql is very easy. Invoke it from the prompt of your command interpreter as
follows:
shell> mysql db_name
Or:
shell> mysql --user=user_name --password=your_password db_name
Then type an SQL statement, end it with “;”, \g, or \G and press Enter.
Typing Control-C causes mysql to attempt to kill the current statement. If this
cannot be done, or Control-C is typed again before the statement is killed, mysql
exits.
You can execute SQL statements in a script file (batch file) like this:
shell> mysql db_name < script.sql > output.tab
MYSQL OPTIONS
mysql supports the following options, which can be specified on the command line or
in the [mysql], [client], [client-server] or [client-mariadb] option file groups.
mysql also supports the options for processing option files.
• --help, -?, -I
Display a help message and exit.
• --abort-source-on-error
Abort 'source filename' operations in case of errors.
• --auto-rehash
Enable automatic rehashing. This option is on by default, which enables database,
table, and column name completion. Use --disable-auto-rehash, --no-auto-rehash,
or --skip-auto-rehash to disable rehashing. That causes mysql to start faster,
but you must issue the rehash command if you want to use name completion.
To complete a name, enter the first part and press Tab. If the name is
unambiguous, mysql completes it. Otherwise, you can press Tab again to see the
possible names that begin with what you have typed so far. Completion does not
occur if there is no default database.
• --auto-vertical-output
Automatically switch to vertical output mode if the result is wider than the
terminal width.
• --batch, -B
Print results using tab as the column separator, with each row on a new line.
With this option, mysql does not use the history file.
Batch mode results in nontabular output format and escaping of special
characters. Escaping may be disabled by using raw mode; see the description for
the --raw option.
• --binary-mode
By default, ASCII '\0' is disallowed and '\r\n' is translated to '\n'. This
switch turns off both features, and also turns off parsing of all client commands
except \C and DELIMITER, in non-interactive mode (for input piped to mysql or
loaded using the 'source' command). This is necessary when processing output from
mysqlbinlog that may contain blobs.
• --character-sets-dir=path
The directory where character sets are installed.
• --column-names
Write column names in results.
• --column-type-info, -m
Display result set metadata.
• --comments, -c
Whether to preserve comments in statements sent to the server. The default is
--skip-comments (discard comments), enable with --comments (preserve comments).
• --compress, -C
Compress all information sent between the client and the server if both support
compression.
• --connect-timeout=seconds
Set the number of seconds before connection timeout. (Default value is 0.)
• --database=db_name, -D db_name
The database to use.
• --debug[=debug_options], -# [debug_options]
Write a debugging log. A typical debug_options string is ´d:t:o,file_name´. The
default is ´d:t:o,/tmp/mysql.trace´.
• --debug-check
Print some debugging information when the program exits.
• --debug-info, -T
Prints debugging information and memory and CPU usage statistics when the program
exits.
• --default-auth=name
Default authentication client-side plugin to use.
• --default-character-set=charset_name
Use charset_name as the default character set for the client and connection.
A common issue that can occur when the operating system uses utf8 or another
multi-byte character set is that output from the mysql client is formatted
incorrectly, due to the fact that the MariaDB client uses the latin1 character
set by default. You can usually fix such issues by using this option to force the
client to use the system character set instead.
• --defaults-extra-file=filename
Set filename as the file to read default options from after the global defaults
files has been read. Must be given as first option.
• --defaults-file=filename
Set filename as the file to read default options from, override global defaults
files. Must be given as first option.
• --defaults-group-suffix=suffix
In addition to the groups named on the command line, read groups that have the
given suffix.
• --delimiter=str
Set the statement delimiter. The default is the semicolon character (“;”).
• --disable-named-commands
Disable named commands. Use the \* form only, or use named commands only at the
beginning of a line ending with a semicolon (“;”). mysql starts with this option
enabled by default. However, even with this option, long-format commands still
work from the first line. See the section called “MYSQL COMMANDS”.
• --execute=statement, -e statement
Execute the statement and quit. Disables --force and history file. The default
output format is like that produced with --batch.
• --force, -f
Continue even if an SQL error occurs. Sets --abort-source-on-error to 0.
• --host=host_name, -h host_name
Connect to the MariaDB server on the given host.
• --html, -H
Produce HTML output.
• --ignore-spaces, -i
Ignore spaces after function names. Allows one to have spaces (including tab
characters and new line characters) between function name and '('. The drawback
is that this causes built in functions to become reserved words.
• --init-command=str
SQL Command to execute when connecting to the MariaDB server. Will automatically
be re-executed when reconnecting.
• --line-numbers
Write line numbers for errors. Disable this with --skip-line-numbers.
• --local-infile[={0|1}]
Enable or disable LOCAL capability for LOAD DATA INFILE. With no value, the
option enables LOCAL. The option may be given as --local-infile=0 or
--local-infile=1 to explicitly disable or enable LOCAL. Enabling LOCAL has no
effect if the server does not also support it.
• --max-allowed-packet=num
Set the maximum packet length to send to or receive from the server. (Default
value is 16MB, largest 1GB.)
• --max-join-size=num
Set the automatic limit for rows in a join when using --safe-updates. (Default
value is 1,000,000.)
• --named-commands, -G
Enable named mysql commands. Long-format commands are allowed, not just
short-format commands. For example, quit and \q both are recognized. Use
--skip-named-commands to disable named commands. See the section called “MYSQL
COMMANDS”. Disabled by default.
• --net-buffer-length=size
Set the buffer size for TCP/IP and socket communication. (Default value is 16KB.)
• --no-auto-rehash, -A
This has the same effect as --skip-auto-rehash. See the description for
--auto-rehash.
• --no-beep, -b
Do not beep when errors occur.
• --no-defaults
Do not read default options from any option file. This must be given as the first
argument.
• --one-database, -o
Ignore statements except those those that occur while the default database is the
one named on the command line. This filtering is limited, and based only on USE
statements. This is useful for skipping updates to other databases in the binary
log.
• --pager[=command]
Use the given command for paging query output. If the command is omitted, the
default pager is the value of your PAGER environment variable. Valid pagers are
less, more, cat [> filename], and so forth. This option works only on Unix and
only in interactive mode. To disable paging, use --skip-pager. the section
called “MYSQL COMMANDS”, discusses output paging further.
• --password[=password], -p[password]
The password to use when connecting to the server. If you use the short option
form (-p), you cannot have a space between the option and the password. If you
omit the password value following the --password or -p option on the command
line, mysql prompts for one.
Specifying a password on the command line should be considered insecure. You can
use an option file to avoid giving the password on the command line.
• --pipe, -W
On Windows, connect to the server via a named pipe. This option applies only if
the server supports named-pipe connections.
• --plugin-dir=dir_name
Directory for client-side plugins.
• --port=port_num, -P port_num
The TCP/IP port number to use for the connection or 0 for default to, in order of
preference, my.cnf, $MYSQL_TCP_PORT, /etc/services, built-in default (3306).
• --print-defaults
Print the program argument list and exit. This must be given as the first
argument.
• --progress-reports
Get progress reports for long running commands (such as ALTER TABLE). (Defaults
to on; use --skip-progress-reports to disable.)
• --prompt=format_str
Set the prompt to the specified format. The special sequences that the prompt can
contain are described in the section called “MYSQL COMMANDS”.
• --protocol={TCP|SOCKET|PIPE|MEMORY}
The connection protocol to use for connecting to the server. It is useful when
the other connection parameters normally would cause a protocol to be used other
than the one you want.
• --quick, -q
Do not cache each query result, print each row as it is received. This may slow
down the server if the output is suspended. With this option, mysql does not use
the history file.
• --raw, -r
For tabular output, the “boxing” around columns enables one column value to be
distinguished from another. For nontabular output (such as is produced in batch
mode or when the --batch or --silent option is given), special characters are
escaped in the output so they can be identified easily. Newline, tab, NUL, and
backslash are written as \n, \t, \0, and \\. The --raw option disables this
character escaping.
The following example demonstrates tabular versus nontabular output and the use
of raw mode to disable escaping:
% mysql
mysql> SELECT CHAR(92);
+----------+
| CHAR(92) |
+----------+
| \ |
+----------+
% mysql -s
mysql> SELECT CHAR(92);
CHAR(92)
\\
% mysql -s -r
mysql> SELECT CHAR(92);
CHAR(92)
\
• --reconnect
If the connection to the server is lost, automatically try to reconnect. A single
reconnect attempt is made each time the connection is lost. Enabled by default,
to disable use --skip-reconnect or --disable-reconnect.
• --safe-updates, --i-am-a-dummy, -U
Allow only those UPDATE and DELETE statements that specify which rows to modify
by using key values. If you have set this option in an option file, you can
override it by using --safe-updates on the command line. See the section called
“MYSQL TIPS”, for more information about this option.
• --secure-auth
Do not send passwords to the server in old (pre-4.1.1) format. This prevents
connections except for servers that use the newer password format.
• --select-limit=limit
Set automatic limit for SELECT when using --safe-updates. (Default value is
1,000.)
• --server-arg=name
Send name as a parameter to the embedded server.
• --show-warnings
Cause warnings to be shown after each statement if there are any. This option
applies to interactive and batch mode.
• --sigint-ignore
Ignore SIGINT signals (typically the result of typing Control-C).
• --silent, -s
Silent mode. Produce less output. This option can be given multiple times to
produce less and less output.
This option results in nontabular output format and escaping of special
characters. Escaping may be disabled by using raw mode; see the description for
the --raw option.
• --skip-auto-rehash
Disable automatic rehashing. Synonym for --disable-auto-rehash.
• --skip-column-names, -N
Do not write column names in results.
• --skip-line-numbers, -L
Do not write line numbers for errors. Useful when you want to compare result
files that include error messages.
• --socket=path, -S path
For connections to localhost, the Unix socket file to use, or, on Windows, the
name of the named pipe to use.
• --ssl
Enable SSL for connection (automatically enabled with other flags). Disable with
--skip-ssl.
• --ssl-ca=name
CA file in PEM format (check OpenSSL docs, implies --ssl).
• --ssl-capath=name
CA directory (check OpenSSL docs, implies --ssl).
• --ssl-cert=name
X509 cert in PEM format (check OpenSSL docs, implies --ssl).
• --ssl-cipher=name
SSL cipher to use (check OpenSSL docs, implies --ssl).
• --ssl-key=name
X509 key in PEM format (check OpenSSL docs, implies --ssl).
• --ssl-crl=name
Certificate revocation list (check OpenSSL docs, implies --ssl).
• --ssl-crlpath=name
Certificate revocation list path (check OpenSSL docs, implies --ssl).
• --ssl-verify-server-cert
Verify server's "Common Name" in its cert against hostname used when connecting.
This option is disabled by default.
• --table, -t
Display output in table format. This is the default for interactive use, but can
be used to produce table output in batch mode.
• --tee=file_name
Append a copy of output to the given file. This option works only in interactive
mode. the section called “MYSQL COMMANDS”, discusses tee files further.
• --unbuffered, -n
Flush the buffer after each query.
• --user=user_name, -u user_name
The MariaDB user name to use when connecting to the server.
• --verbose, -v
Verbose mode. Produce more output about what the program does. This option can be
given multiple times to produce more and more output. (For example, -v -v -v
produces table output format even in batch mode.)
• --version, -V
Display version information and exit.
• --vertical, -E
Print query output rows vertically (one line per column value). Without this
option, you can specify vertical output for individual statements by terminating
them with \G.
• --wait, -w
If the connection cannot be established, wait and retry instead of aborting.
• --xml, -X
Produce XML output. The output when --xml is used with mysql matches that of
mysqldump --xml. See mysqldump(1) for details.
The XML output also uses an XML namespace, as shown here:
shell> mysql --xml -uroot -e "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE ´version%´"
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<resultset statement="SHOW VARIABLES LIKE ´version%´" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<row>
<field name="Variable_name">version</field>
<field name="Value">5.0.40-debug</field>
</row>
<row>
<field name="Variable_name">version_comment</field>
<field name="Value">Source distribution</field>
</row>
<row>
<field name="Variable_name">version_compile_machine</field>
<field name="Value">i686</field>
</row>
<row>
<field name="Variable_name">version_compile_os</field>
<field name="Value">suse-linux-gnu</field>
</row>
</resultset>
You can also set the following variables by using --var_name=value.
• connect_timeout
The number of seconds before connection timeout. (Default value is 0.)
• max_allowed_packet
The maximum packet length to send to or receive from the server. (Default
value is 16MB.)
• max_join_size
The automatic limit for rows in a join when using --safe-updates. (Default
value is 1,000,000.)
• net_buffer_length
The buffer size for TCP/IP and socket communication. (Default value is 16KB.)
• select_limit
The automatic limit for SELECT statements when using --safe-updates. (Default
value is 1,000.)
On Unix, the mysql client writes a record of executed statements to a history
file. By default, this file is named .mysql_history and is created in your home
directory. To specify a different file, set the value of the MYSQL_HISTFILE
environment variable.
The .mysql_history should be protected with a restrictive access mode because
sensitive information might be written to it, such as the text of SQL statements
that contain passwords.
If you do not want to maintain a history file, first remove .mysql_history if it
exists, and then use either of the following techniques:
• Set the MYSQL_HISTFILE variable to /dev/null. To cause this setting to take
effect each time you log in, put the setting in one of your shell´s startup
files.
• Create .mysql_history as a symbolic link to /dev/null:
shell> ln -s /dev/null $HOME/.mysql_history
You need do this only once.
MYSQL COMMANDS
mysql sends each SQL statement that you issue to the server to be executed. There is
also a set of commands that mysql itself interprets. For a list of these commands,
type help or \h at the mysql> prompt:
mysql> help
List of all MySQL commands:
Note that all text commands must be first on line and end with ´;´
? (\?) Synonym for `help´.
clear (\c) Clear command.
connect (\r) Reconnect to the server. Optional arguments are db and host.
delimiter (\d) Set statement delimiter.
edit (\e) Edit command with $EDITOR.
ego (\G) Send command to mysql server, display result vertically.
exit (\q) Exit mysql. Same as quit.
go (\g) Send command to mysql server.
help (\h) Display this help.
nopager (\n) Disable pager, print to stdout.
notee (\t) Don´t write into outfile.
pager (\P) Set PAGER [to_pager]. Print the query results via PAGER.
print (\p) Print current command.
prompt (\R) Change your mysql prompt.
quit (\q) Quit mysql.
rehash (\#) Rebuild completion hash.
source (\.) Execute an SQL script file. Takes a file name as an argument.
status (\s) Get status information from the server.
system (\!) Execute a system shell command.
tee (\T) Set outfile [to_outfile]. Append everything into given
outfile.
use (\u) Use another database. Takes database name as argument.
charset (\C) Switch to another charset. Might be needed for processing
binlog with multi-byte charsets.
warnings (\W) Show warnings after every statement.
nowarning (\w) Don´t show warnings after every statement.
For server side help, type ´help contents´
Each command has both a long and short form. The long form is not case sensitive; the
short form is. The long form can be followed by an optional semicolon terminator, but
the short form should not.
The use of short-form commands within multi-line /* ... */ comments is not supported.
• help [arg], \h [arg], \? [arg], ? [arg]
Display a help message listing the available mysql commands.
If you provide an argument to the help command, mysql uses it as a search string
to access server-side help. For more information, see the section called “MYSQL
SERVER-SIDE HELP”.
• charset charset_name, \C charset_name
Change the default character set and issue a SET NAMES statement. This enables
the character set to remain synchronized on the client and server if mysql is run
with auto-reconnect enabled (which is not recommended), because the specified
character set is used for reconnects.
• clear, \c
Clear the current input. Use this if you change your mind about executing the
statement that you are entering.
• connect [db_name host_name]], \r [db_name host_name]]
Reconnect to the server. The optional database name and host name arguments may
be given to specify the default database or the host where the server is running.
If omitted, the current values are used.
• delimiter str, \d str
Change the string that mysql interprets as the separator between SQL statements.
The default is the semicolon character (“;”).
The delimiter can be specified as an unquoted or quoted argument. Quoting can be
done with either single quote (´) or douple quote (") characters. To include a
quote within a quoted string, either quote the string with the other quote
character or escape the quote with a backslash (“\”) character. Backslash should
be avoided outside of quoted strings because it is the escape character for
MariaDB. For an unquoted argument, the delmiter is read up to the first space or
end of line. For a quoted argument, the delimiter is read up to the matching
quote on the line.
When the delimiter recognized by mysql is set to something other than the default
of “;”, instances of that character are sent to the server without
interpretation. However, the server itself still interprets “;” as a statement
delimiter and processes statements accordingly. This behavior on the server side
comes into play for multiple-statement execution, and for parsing the body of
stored procedures and functions, triggers, and events.
• edit, \e
Edit the current input statement. mysql checks the values of the EDITOR and
VISUAL environment variables to determine which editor to use. The default editor
is vi if neither variable is set.
The edit command works only in Unix.
• ego, \G
Send the current statement to the server to be executed and display the result
using vertical format.
• exit, \q
Exit mysql.
• go, \g
Send the current statement to the server to be executed.
• nopager, \n
Disable output paging. See the description for pager.
The nopager command works only in Unix.
• notee, \t
Disable output copying to the tee file. See the description for tee.
• nowarning, \w
Enable display of warnings after each statement.
• pager [command], \P [command]
Enable output paging. By using the --pager option when you invoke mysql, it is
possible to browse or search query results in interactive mode with Unix programs
such as less, more, or any other similar program. If you specify no value for the
option, mysql checks the value of the PAGER environment variable and sets the
pager to that. Pager functionality works only in interactive mode.
Output paging can be enabled interactively with the pager command and disabled
with nopager. The command takes an optional argument; if given, the paging
program is set to that. With no argument, the pager is set to the pager that was
set on the command line, or stdout if no pager was specified.
Output paging works only in Unix because it uses the popen() function, which does
not exist on Windows. For Windows, the tee option can be used instead to save
query output, although it is not as convenient as pager for browsing output in
some situations.
• print, \p
Print the current input statement without executing it.
• prompt [str], \R [str]
Reconfigure the mysql prompt to the given string. The special character sequences
that can be used in the prompt are described later in this section.
If you specify the prompt command with no argument, mysql resets the prompt to
the default of mysql>.
• quit, \q
Exit mysql.
• rehash, \#
Rebuild the completion hash that enables database, table, and column name
completion while you are entering statements. (See the description for the
--auto-rehash option.)
• source file_name, \. file_name
Read the named file and executes the statements contained therein. On Windows,
you can specify path name separators as / or \\.
• status, \s
Provide status information about the connection and the server you are using. If
you are running in --safe-updates mode, status also prints the values for the
mysql variables that affect your queries.
• system command, \! command
Execute the given command using your default command interpreter.
The system command works only in Unix.
• tee [file_name], \T [file_name]
By using the --tee option when you invoke mysql, you can log statements and their
output. All the data displayed on the screen is appended into a given file. This
can be very useful for debugging purposes also. mysql flushes results to the
file after each statement, just before it prints its next prompt. Tee
functionality works only in interactive mode.
You can enable this feature interactively with the tee command. Without a
parameter, the previous file is used. The tee file can be disabled with the notee
command. Executing tee again re-enables logging.
• use db_name, \u db_name
Use db_name as the default database.
• warnings, \W
Enable display of warnings after each statement (if there are any).
Here are a few tips about the pager command:
• You can use it to write to a file and the results go only to the file:
mysql> pager cat > /tmp/log.txt
You can also pass any options for the program that you want to use as your pager:
mysql> pager less -n -i -S
• In the preceding example, note the -S option. You may find it very useful for
browsing wide query results. Sometimes a very wide result set is difficult to
read on the screen. The -S option to less can make the result set much more
readable because you can scroll it horizontally using the left-arrow and
right-arrow keys. You can also use -S interactively within less to switch the
horizontal-browse mode on and off. For more information, read the less manual
page:
shell> man less
• The -F and -X options may be used with less to cause it to exit if output fits on
one screen, which is convenient when no scrolling is necessary:
mysql> pager less -n -i -S -F -X
• You can specify very complex pager commands for handling query output:
mysql> pager cat | tee /dr1/tmp/res.txt \
| tee /dr2/tmp/res2.txt | less -n -i -S
In this example, the command would send query results to two files in two
different directories on two different file systems mounted on /dr1 and /dr2, yet
still display the results onscreen via less.
You can also combine the tee and pager functions. Have a tee file enabled and pager
set to less, and you are able to browse the results using the less program and still
have everything appended into a file the same time. The difference between the Unix
tee used with the pager command and the mysql built-in tee command is that the
built-in tee works even if you do not have the Unix tee available. The built-in tee
also logs everything that is printed on the screen, whereas the Unix tee used with
pager does not log quite that much. Additionally, tee file logging can be turned on
and off interactively from within mysql. This is useful when you want to log some
queries to a file, but not others.
The prompt command reconfigures the default mysql> prompt. The string for defining
the prompt can contain the following special sequences.
┌───────┬────────────────────────────────┐
│Option │ Description │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\c │ A counter that increments for │
│ │ each statement you issue │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\D │ The full current date │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\d │ The default database │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\h │ The server host │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\l │ The current delimiter (new in │
│ │ 5.1.12) │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\m │ Minutes of the current time │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\n │ A newline character │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\O │ The current month in │
│ │ three-letter format (Jan, Feb, │
│ │ ...) │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\o │ The current month in numeric │
│ │ format │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\P │ am/pm │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\p │ The current TCP/IP port or │
│ │ socket file │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\R │ The current time, in 24-hour │
│ │ military time (0–23) │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\r │ The current time, standard │
│ │ 12-hour time (1–12) │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\S │ Semicolon │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\s │ Seconds of the current time │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\t │ A tab character │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\U │ │
│ │ Your full │
│ │ user_name@host_name │
│ │ account name │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\u │ Your user name │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\v │ The server version │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\w │ The current day of the week in │
│ │ three-letter format (Mon, Tue, │
│ │ ...) │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\Y │ The current year, four digits │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\y │ The current year, two digits │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\_ │ A space │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\ │ A space (a space follows the │
│ │ backslash) │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\´ │ Single quote │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\" │ Double quote │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\\ │ A literal “\” backslash │
│ │ character │
├───────┼────────────────────────────────┤
│\x │ │
│ │ x, for any “x” not │
│ │ listed above │
└───────┴────────────────────────────────┘
You can set the prompt in several ways:
• Use an environment variable. You can set the MYSQL_PS1 environment variable to a
prompt string. For example:
shell> export MYSQL_PS1="(\u@\h) [\d]> "
• Use a command-line option. You can set the --prompt option on the command line
to mysql. For example:
shell> mysql --prompt="(\u@\h) [\d]> "
(user@host) [database]>
• Use an option file. You can set the prompt option in the [mysql] group of any
MariaDB option file, such as /etc/my.cnf or the .my.cnf file in your home
directory. For example:
[mysql]
prompt=(\\u@\\h) [\\d]>\\_
In this example, note that the backslashes are doubled. If you set the prompt
using the prompt option in an option file, it is advisable to double the
backslashes when using the special prompt options. There is some overlap in the
set of allowable prompt options and the set of special escape sequences that are
recognized in option files. The overlap may cause you problems if you use single
backslashes. For example, \s is interpreted as a space rather than as the current
seconds value. The following example shows how to define a prompt within an
option file to include the current time in HH:MM:SS> format:
[mysql]
prompt="\\r:\\m:\\s> "
• Set the prompt interactively. You can change your prompt interactively by using
the prompt (or \R) command. For example:
mysql> prompt (\u@\h) [\d]>\_
PROMPT set to ´(\u@\h) [\d]>\_´
(user@host) [database]>
(user@host) [database]> prompt
Returning to default PROMPT of mysql>
mysql>
MYSQL SERVER-SIDE HELP
mysql> help search_string
If you provide an argument to the help command, mysql uses it as a search string to
access server-side help. The proper operation of this command requires that the help
tables in the mysql database be initialized with help topic information.
If there is no match for the search string, the search fails:
mysql> help me
Nothing found
Please try to run ´help contents´ for a list of all accessible topics
Use help contents to see a list of the help categories:
mysql> help contents
You asked for help about help category: "Contents"
For more information, type ´help <item>´, where <item> is one of the
following categories:
Account Management
Administration
Data Definition
Data Manipulation
Data Types
Functions
Functions and Modifiers for Use with GROUP BY
Geographic Features
Language Structure
Plugins
Storage Engines
Stored Routines
Table Maintenance
Transactions
Triggers
If the search string matches multiple items, mysql shows a list of matching topics:
mysql> help logs
Many help items for your request exist.
To make a more specific request, please type ´help <item>´,
where <item> is one of the following topics:
SHOW
SHOW BINARY LOGS
SHOW ENGINE
SHOW LOGS
Use a topic as the search string to see the help entry for that topic:
mysql> help show binary logs
Name: ´SHOW BINARY LOGS´
Description:
Syntax:
SHOW BINARY LOGS
SHOW MASTER LOGS
Lists the binary log files on the server. This statement is used as
part of the procedure described in [purge-binary-logs], that shows how
to determine which logs can be purged.
mysql> SHOW BINARY LOGS;
+---------------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size |
+---------------+-----------+
| binlog.000015 | 724935 |
| binlog.000016 | 733481 |
+---------------+-----------+
EXECUTING SQL STATEMENTS FROM A TEXT FILE
The mysql client typically is used interactively, like this:
shell> mysql db_name
However, it is also possible to put your SQL statements in a file and then tell mysql
to read its input from that file. To do so, create a text file text_file that
contains the statements you wish to execute. Then invoke mysql as shown here:
shell> mysql db_name < text_file
If you place a USE db_name statement as the first statement in the file, it is
unnecessary to specify the database name on the command line:
shell> mysql < text_file
If you are already running mysql, you can execute an SQL script file using the source
command or \. command:
mysql> source file_name
mysql> \. file_name
Sometimes you may want your script to display progress information to the user. For
this you can insert statements like this:
SELECT ´<info_to_display>´ AS ´ ´;
The statement shown outputs <info_to_display>.
You can also invoke mysql with the --verbose option, which causes each statement to
be displayed before the result that it produces.
mysql ignores Unicode byte order mark (BOM) characters at the beginning of input
files. Presence of a BOM does not cause mysql to change its default character set. To
do that, invoke mysql with an option such as --default-character-set=utf8.
MYSQL TIPS
This section describes some techniques that can help you use mysql more effectively.
Displaying Query Results Vertically
Some query results are much more readable when displayed vertically, instead of in
the usual horizontal table format. Queries can be displayed vertically by terminating
the query with \G instead of a semicolon. For example, longer text values that
include newlines often are much easier to read with vertical output:
mysql> SELECT * FROM mails WHERE LENGTH(txt) < 300 LIMIT 300,1\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
msg_nro: 3068
date: 2000-03-01 23:29:50
time_zone: +0200
mail_from: Monty
reply: monty@no.spam.com
mail_to: "Thimble Smith" <tim@no.spam.com>
sbj: UTF-8
txt: >>>>> "Thimble" == Thimble Smith writes:
Thimble> Hi. I think this is a good idea. Is anyone familiar
Thimble> with UTF-8 or Unicode? Otherwise, I´ll put this on my
Thimble> TODO list and see what happens.
Yes, please do that.
Regards,
Monty
file: inbox-jani-1
hash: 190402944
1 row in set (0.09 sec)
Using the --safe-updates Option
For beginners, a useful startup option is --safe-updates (or --i-am-a-dummy, which
has the same effect). It is helpful for cases when you might have issued a DELETE
FROM tbl_name statement but forgotten the WHERE clause. Normally, such a statement
deletes all rows from the table. With --safe-updates, you can delete rows only by
specifying the key values that identify them. This helps prevent accidents.
When you use the --safe-updates option, mysql issues the following statement when it
connects to the MariaDB server:
SET sql_safe_updates=1, sql_select_limit=1000, sql_max_join_size=1000000;
The SET statement has the following effects:
• You are not allowed to execute an UPDATE or DELETE statement unless you specify a
key constraint in the WHERE clause or provide a LIMIT clause (or both). For
example:
UPDATE tbl_name SET not_key_column=val WHERE key_column=val;
UPDATE tbl_name SET not_key_column=val LIMIT 1;
• The server limits all large SELECT results to 1,000 rows unless the statement
includes a LIMIT clause.
• The server aborts multiple-table SELECT statements that probably need to examine
more than 1,000,000 row combinations.
To specify limits different from 1,000 and 1,000,000, you can override the defaults
by using the --select-limit and --max-join-size options:
shell> mysql --safe-updates --select-limit=500 --max-join-size=10000
Disabling mysql Auto-Reconnect
If the mysql client loses its connection to the server while sending a statement, it
immediately and automatically tries to reconnect once to the server and send the
statement again. However, even if mysql succeeds in reconnecting, your first
connection has ended and all your previous session objects and settings are lost:
temporary tables, the autocommit mode, and user-defined and session variables. Also,
any current transaction rolls back. This behavior may be dangerous for you, as in the
following example where the server was shut down and restarted between the first and
second statements without you knowing it:
mysql> SET @a=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO t VALUES(@a);
ERROR 2006: MySQL server has gone away
No connection. Trying to reconnect...
Connection id: 1
Current database: test
Query OK, 1 row affected (1.30 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM t;
+------+
| a |
+------+
| NULL |
+------+
1 row in set (0.05 sec)
The @a user variable has been lost with the connection, and after the reconnection it
is undefined. If it is important to have mysql terminate with an error if the
connection has been lost, you can start the mysql client with the --skip-reconnect
option.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright 2007-2008 MySQL AB, 2008-2010 Sun Microsystems, Inc., 2010-2015 MariaDB
Foundation
This documentation is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it only
under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
Foundation; version 2 of the License.
This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with the
program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street,
Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1335 USA or see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
NOTES
1. Bug#25946
http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=25946
SEE ALSO
For more information, please refer to the MariaDB Knowledge Base, available online at
https://mariadb.com/kb/
AUTHOR
MariaDB Foundation (http://www.mariadb.org/).
MariaDB 10.3 9 May 2017 MYSQL(1)
Súgó kimenet
mysql_embedded --help
mysql_embedded Ver 15.1 Distrib 10.3.23-MariaDB, for debian-linux-gnu (x86_64) using readline 5.2
Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
Usage: mysql_embedded [OPTIONS] [database]
Default options are read from the following files in the given order:
/etc/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf ~/.my.cnf
The following groups are read: mysql client client-server client-mariadb
The following options may be given as the first argument:
--print-defaults Print the program argument list and exit.
--no-defaults Don't read default options from any option file.
The following specify which files/extra groups are read (specified before remaining options):
--defaults-file=# Only read default options from the given file #.
--defaults-extra-file=# Read this file after the global files are read.
--defaults-group-suffix=# Additionally read default groups with # appended as a suffix.
-?, --help Display this help and exit.
-I, --help Synonym for -?
--abort-source-on-error
Abort 'source filename' operations in case of errors
--auto-rehash Enable automatic rehashing. One doesn't need to use
'rehash' to get table and field completion, but startup
and reconnecting may take a longer time. Disable with
--disable-auto-rehash.
(Defaults to on; use --skip-auto-rehash to disable.)
-A, --no-auto-rehash
No automatic rehashing. One has to use 'rehash' to get
table and field completion. This gives a quicker start of
mysql and disables rehashing on reconnect.
--auto-vertical-output
Automatically switch to vertical output mode if the
result is wider than the terminal width.
-B, --batch Don't use history file. Disable interactive behavior.
(Enables --silent.)
--binary-as-hex Print binary data as hex
--character-sets-dir=name
Directory for character set files.
--column-type-info Display column type information.
-c, --comments Preserve comments. Send comments to the server. The
default is --skip-comments (discard comments), enable
with --comments.
-C, --compress Use compression in server/client protocol.
-#, --debug[=#] This is a non-debug version. Catch this and exit.
--debug-check Check memory and open file usage at exit.
-T, --debug-info Print some debug info at exit.
-D, --database=name Database to use.
--default-character-set=name
Set the default character set.
--delimiter=name Delimiter to be used.
-e, --execute=name Execute command and quit. (Disables --force and history
file.)
-E, --vertical Print the output of a query (rows) vertically.
-f, --force Continue even if we get an SQL error. Sets
abort-source-on-error to 0
-G, --named-commands
Enable named commands. Named commands mean this program's
internal commands; see mysql> help . When enabled, the
named commands can be used from any line of the query,
otherwise only from the first line, before an enter.
Disable with --disable-named-commands. This option is
disabled by default.
-i, --ignore-spaces Ignore space after function names.
--init-command=name SQL Command to execute when connecting to MySQL server.
Will automatically be re-executed when reconnecting.
--local-infile Enable/disable LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE.
-b, --no-beep Turn off beep on error.
-h, --host=name Connect to host.
-H, --html Produce HTML output.
-X, --xml Produce XML output.
--line-numbers Write line numbers for errors.
(Defaults to on; use --skip-line-numbers to disable.)
-L, --skip-line-numbers
Don't write line number for errors.
-n, --unbuffered Flush buffer after each query.
--column-names Write column names in results.
(Defaults to on; use --skip-column-names to disable.)
-N, --skip-column-names
Don't write column names in results.
--sigint-ignore Ignore SIGINT (CTRL-C).
-o, --one-database Ignore statements except those that occur while the
default database is the one named at the command line.
--pager[=name] Pager to use to display results. If you don't supply an
option, the default pager is taken from your ENV variable
PAGER. Valid pagers are less, more, cat [> filename],
etc. See interactive help (\h) also. This option does not
work in batch mode. Disable with --disable-pager. This
option is disabled by default.
-p, --password[=name]
Password to use when connecting to server. If password is
not given it's asked from the tty.
-P, --port=# Port number to use for connection or 0 for default to, in
order of preference, my.cnf, $MYSQL_TCP_PORT,
/etc/services, built-in default (3306).
--progress-reports Get progress reports for long running commands (like
ALTER TABLE)
(Defaults to on; use --skip-progress-reports to disable.)
--prompt=name Set the mysql prompt to this value.
--protocol=name The protocol to use for connection (tcp, socket, pipe,
memory).
-q, --quick Don't cache result, print it row by row. This may slow
down the server if the output is suspended. Doesn't use
history file.
-r, --raw Write fields without conversion. Used with --batch.
--reconnect Reconnect if the connection is lost. Disable with
--disable-reconnect. This option is enabled by default.
(Defaults to on; use --skip-reconnect to disable.)
-s, --silent Be more silent. Print results with a tab as separator,
each row on new line.
-S, --socket=name The socket file to use for connection.
-t, --table Output in table format.
--tee=name Append everything into outfile. See interactive help (\h)
also. Does not work in batch mode. Disable with
--disable-tee. This option is disabled by default.
-u, --user=name User for login if not current user.
-U, --safe-updates Only allow UPDATE and DELETE that uses keys.
-U, --i-am-a-dummy Synonym for option --safe-updates, -U.
-v, --verbose Write more. (-v -v -v gives the table output format).
-V, --version Output version information and exit.
-w, --wait Wait and retry if connection is down.
--connect-timeout=# Number of seconds before connection timeout.
--max-allowed-packet=#
The maximum packet length to send to or receive from
server.
--net-buffer-length=#
The buffer size for TCP/IP and socket communication.
--select-limit=# Automatic limit for SELECT when using --safe-updates.
--max-join-size=# Automatic limit for rows in a join when using
--safe-updates.
--secure-auth Refuse client connecting to server if it uses old
(pre-4.1.1) protocol.
--server-arg=name Send embedded server this as a parameter.
--show-warnings Show warnings after every statement.
--plugin-dir=name Directory for client-side plugins.
--default-auth=name Default authentication client-side plugin to use.
--binary-mode By default, ASCII '\0' is disallowed and '\r\n' is
translated to '\n'. This switch turns off both features,
and also turns off parsing of all clientcommands except
\C and DELIMITER, in non-interactive mode (for input
piped to mysql or loaded using the 'source' command).
This is necessary when processing output from mysqlbinlog
that may contain blobs.
Variables (--variable-name=value)
and boolean options {FALSE|TRUE} Value (after reading options)
--------------------------------- ----------------------------------------
abort-source-on-error FALSE
auto-rehash TRUE
auto-vertical-output FALSE
binary-as-hex FALSE
character-sets-dir (No default value)
column-type-info FALSE
comments FALSE
compress FALSE
debug-check FALSE
debug-info FALSE
database (No default value)
default-character-set utf8mb4
delimiter ;
vertical FALSE
force FALSE
named-commands FALSE
ignore-spaces FALSE
init-command (No default value)
local-infile FALSE
no-beep FALSE
host (No default value)
html FALSE
xml FALSE
line-numbers TRUE
unbuffered FALSE
column-names TRUE
sigint-ignore FALSE
port 0
progress-reports TRUE
prompt \N [\d]>
quick FALSE
raw FALSE
reconnect TRUE
socket /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
table FALSE
user (No default value)
safe-updates FALSE
i-am-a-dummy FALSE
connect-timeout 0
max-allowed-packet 16777216
net-buffer-length 16384
select-limit 1000
max-join-size 1000000
secure-auth FALSE
show-warnings FALSE
plugin-dir (No default value)
default-auth (No default value)
binary-mode FALSE
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